How To Design Database ?

Complete Design Database Process Explained.

It is important for a software development professional to know how to design the database. The main objective of the database design process is to build a robust database.

The database design is a crucial step in the software development life cycle ( SDLC ) that involves various database operations. The database operations include storing , retrieving and manipulating the data.

The database design is a specialist job that requires some specialist skills in terms of planning the database and then actually building the database using a specific database management system ( DBMS ).

Introduction To Design Database

Database Design Steps

The entire database design process for the design of relational database consists of following steps :

Define the database objective and purpose.
Define the data requirements for various stake holders.
Define the database entities in terms of tables.
Identify and define the attributes for each database entity.
Specify the primary and foreign key constrains for each relational table.
Define and establish relationship between the tables.
Apply the database normalization rules to normalize each table.
Create and build the database with database management system ( DBMS ).
Test the database for data accuracy, consistency and integrity.

In this tutorial you will learn how to design database step by step . This tutorial will help you understand the database design and development process , various activities involved in the database planning and database development stages.

Let us first start by understanding the importance of database design skills for a software professionals.

How To Design Database ?

Database Design FAQ

Why Database Design Skills Are Important ?

The Information technology ( IT ) industry is a multi-billion dollar industry. The IT industry designs and develop the software applications that are crucial for the business corporations.

The software applications are now indispensable to manage the diversified business operations. These software applications provide the necessary tools to run the business online.

The IT industry hires large number of software development professionals and the programmers every year to work on the software projects.

Database Design Skills

Database Design Jobs

Most software applications involve database operations and therefore , the database design skills are one of the most sought after skills in the job market.

The software professionals with the database design and development skills are amongst paid skills across the industries.

What Is Database In DBMS ?

How To Design Database ?

Why Database Design Is Important Step In SDLC ?

The databases are integral part of most of the software applications . The performance of the software also depends upon the performance of the database.

A well planned database is necessary to ensure that database must support the user requirements in terms of data to be stored and the accuracy of the data.

On the other hand , any lapse in the database performance can adversely affect the software performance that can cause major software project cost escalation.

Database design plays a crucial role in software development because it helps ensure that the software system can efficiently and accurately store, retrieve, and manipulate data. A well-designed database can help improve the performance, scalability, and maintainability of a software system.

Overall, a good database design is essential for building software systems, that are reliable, efficient, and secure. It can also help reduce development costs and improve the user experience.

Database Design Process Explained Step By Step

The entire database design and development process can be broadly split into two stages. These two stages are database planning stage and the database development stage.

The first stage of the database design process is the database planning stage .The planning stage involve activities such as understanding the data requirements and creating data models.

The second stage of the database design process involves actually building the database using a specific database management system ( DBMS ).

Database Design - SDLC

How To Design Database ?

Database Design Planning Process

Planning the database is an important step. A well planned database design is crucial for building a robust database that meets user data requirements.

The database (DB) planning process constrains the database designer to analyze the data requirements for various stake holders based on the business processes, various operations, functions, rules and policies.

The DB planning process can be broadly consists of constructing two data models which include conceptual data model and logical data model. The logical data model is the outcome of the planning process that can be implemented using any DBMS for building the database.

The planning activities include:

DB Planning - Step 1

Defining the Database Objectives And Purpose

The first step in the database design process is to define the objectives and the purpose of the database. The objectives and the purpose of the database helps the database designers to clearly define its purpose.

Depending upon the scope of the project , the database designers can describe the details. For example, for a smaller database design the scope could be limited to recording specific business information.

However, the objectives and the purpose of the database for an enterprise level application can be a detailed document that can function as an important document for the database development team.

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 2

Database Design Team And Other Stake Holders

Depending upon the scale of the project, the database design job can be performed by a software developer having expertise in the database design and development.

However, for an enterprise level software development project the database design and development team usually includes number of professionals having specialized skills required for designing the database.

Database Develeopment Life Cycle

The database design team usually consist of a team of business analyst, domain experts, software developers, database programmers and other stake holders.

The other stake holders might include the employees nominated by the client company. These client employees provide crucial information to the database design team.

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 3

Mapping Business Processes, Rules And Policies

When the software application is designed for a specific organization , mapping the business processes , policies and the business rules defines the data requirements for various stake holders.

The database design team expensively interact with all the stake holders in order to understand the organization business operations , processes , policy framework and business rules.

This is an important piece of information for the database design team to understand the data flow and the information requirements that database must support.

The database must accurately store the data as per the requirements and incorporate the integrity rules to ensure the accuracy , consistency and the security of the data that will be stored into the database.

DB Planning - Step 4

Defining The User Data Requirements

The software application project is a team work and the database design team is an important component of the project execution team.

The database design team systematically and methodically follow the database design process to map and capture all the relevant details requited for the database design and development work.

The process of interacting with all the stakeholders and collecting the necessary details is referred as requirements elicitation . The requirements elicitation is essential process that helps the design team to finalize the user requirements.

Database Design Requirement Elicitation

The user requirement specifications ( URS ) is the most important piece of documents that defines the scope of the software project.

From database design perspective, the URS also defines the scope of the database and the user data requirements that software application must support.

The URS also provides crucial design inputs for database design team to incorporate and develop the database that supports user requirements in terms of data , security and functionality.

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 5

Creating Data Models

The data models are simply tools used by the database designers to visualize and communicate the design features of the database at various stages of the database design and development process.

These data models are later on used as blueprints by the database designers at various stages of the database design and development project.

The database models makes it very easy to visualize and communicate different design features of the database with the help of diagrams.

Types Of Data Model

The database designers typically construct three types of data models with different abstraction levels. Each of these data model highlight different feature of the database design.

The three data models include conceptual data model , logical data model and the physical data model.

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 6

Construct Conceptual Data Model

The conceptual data model represents a simple diagram which only highlights the various database entities that exist and the relationship between these entities .

The conceptual data model is the first to construct to capture the user data requirements during the initial phase of the database design process.

Conceptual Data Model

The Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) is an example of the conceptual data model constructed during the database design process.

The conceptual database describe the database view at the end user level with the simple diagram which is DBMS independent.

Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD )

ER Model

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 7

Construct Logical Data Model

The next step in the database design is to construct the logical data model. The logical data model is created by expanding the conceptual data model with some additional details.

The logical data model provides the details of the tables. Each table represents a database entity that needs to represented into the database.

The logical structure of the database is represented by the number of interrelated tables . The relationship between these tables is established by defining the database keys.

Logical Data Model

The logical data model also indicates the relationship that exist between various tables. The relationship between the tables is indicated by defining the primary key and foreign key fields for each table.

The logical data model is DBMS independent . That means it does not contain any DBMS specific details . And therefore , the logical data model can be implemented on any DBMS.

How To Design Database ?

DB Planning - Step 8

Database Normalization

The main objective of the database normalization is to minimize the presence of duplicate data in the table. The duplication of data is the root cause of database anomalies.

The database anomalies can cause inconsistent state of the database which cause inaccurate results of the various database operations.

E F Codd Relationship Model

How To Design Database ?

What Is Database Normalization ?

The database normalization is the process of decomposing the larger tables into smaller but more meaningful tables.

The table relationships are created by defining the primary key and foreign key for each table. In relational database , the logical structure of the database consist of interrelated tables.

What is Relational Database ?

How To Normalize Database ?

DB Planning - Step 9

Defining Database Requirements Specifications

Depending upon the scale of the project and the complexity of the database design , the project team needs to finalize and define the design features and the specifications of the proposed database.

The database after development must support the user data requirements and the software functionality as per the USR document.

How To Design Database ?

Database Development Process

After the database planning stage is completed in all respects ,the next step is to initiate the actual development of the database.

The database planning stage include all the activities that are required to define the database requirement specifications and creating the two data models .

As stated earlier , the database designers create conceptual and logical data models in the database planning stage .

The database development starts by first selecting the suitable Database Management System ( DBMS ) and creating physical data model.

DB Development - Step 1

Selecting the DBMS For Building the Database

The first step in the database development stage is to select the suitable Database Management System ( DBMS ).

The DBMS selection depends upon the type of the software application , database system architecture and the database functionality.

Database Management System

The DBMS is a vital component of any database system. The application software interacts with the DBMS by using SQL ( Structured Query Language ) commands.

The DBMS in turn actually interacts with the database and performs the various database operations. Once the DBMS selection is done , the next step is to create a physical data model .

How To Design Database ?

Relational Database Management System

DB Development - Step 2

Construct Physical Data Model

After selecting the DBMS to be used for developing the database , the next step in the database development is to construct a physical data model.

The physical data model is created by expanding the logical data model with some additional details which are DBMS specific.

The physical data model is DBMS dependent because it contains the details that can be implemented on specific DBMS.

Physical Data Model

DB Development - Step 3

Database Development With DBMS

At this stage, all the design details and the blue prints are now ready for actually building the database.

Some of the most commonly used Relational Database Management Systems ( RDBMS ) include MySQL , Oracle , MS SQL Server , Mango DB and there are many more DBMS available in the database world.

Relational Database Management System

The database development work starts with first creating the tables . The table relationships are defined using primary and foreign database keys for each table. The database constrains can also be defined at this stage.

Some DBMS offers a user friendly graphical interface that makes it relatively easier to create the tables and then define the relations.

How To Design Database ?

DB Development - Step 4

Database Testing And Validation

The database testing is a crucial step that ensures the accuracy , consistency and integrity of the data stored into the database.

After building the database , the next step is to actually test run the database with sample data and validate the results.

The database after development is subjected to extensive testing and validation process including the functionality of the various database operations.

Software Testing

Software Validation

DB Development - Step 5

Database Documentation For Future Reference

The database documentation is an important reference manual in any software development life cycle ( SDLC ).

The project management team also create and maintain the necessary documentation related to the database development.

This documentation is important reference manual for the developer team to incorporate any changes either in the front end software application or into the database structure or additional functionality.

How To Design Database ?

Database Design FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the steps to design a database ?

The design process consists of the following steps:

Define the database objective and purpose.
Define the data requirements for various stake holders.
Define the database entities in terms of tables.
Identify and define the attributes for each database entity.
Specify the primary and foreign key constrains for each relational table.
Define and establish relationship between the tables.
Apply the database normalization rules to normalize each table.
Create and build the database with database management system ( DBMS ).
Test the database for data accuracy, consistency and integrity.

What are the three database design stages ?

The entire database design process can be split into following three stages:

Conceptual Database Design.
Logical Database Design.
Physical Database Design.

What Is Data Modelling In Database Design ?

The data models are simply tools used by the database designers to visualize and communicate the design features of the database at various stages of the database design and development process.

These data models are later on used as blueprints by the database designers at various stages of the database design and development project.

The database model makes it very easy to visualize and communicate different design features of the database with the help of diagrams.

What Is Database Design Life Cycle ?

The database design life cycle ( DDLS ) consists of various steps initiated by the database design and development team during the planning , designing and developing the database.

The database design life cycle consists of following steps :

Database Planning.
Data Requirements Analysis.
Database Design.
Database Implementation.
Database Testing.
Database Maintenance.

After the database development stage is complete, the next step is to test the database for the data accuracy, consistency and integrity. The last step in the DDLC is the database maintenance.

What is a Database Schema ?

The term schema basically means description. In simple words, the database schema is the description of the database.

However, in the database world, the database schema is defined as the logical representation of the entire database. The database schema is defined by the logical data model which consists of database entities represented by the database tables and the relationship between the tables.

The database schema types also include logical schema , physical schema and the view schema. However, the logical and physical schema are the most common terms used in the context of database design.

A database schema represents the logical configuration of either entire or part of the relational database. The database schema also means both visual representation and as well as database integrity constrains defined by a set of formulas.

These formulas are expressed in a data definition language DDL, such as SQL. The SQL stands for structured query language. A database schema indicates how various database entities relate to one another, including tables, views, stored procedures, and other database design features.

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